Learn to use cautious, precise language to strengthen your academic writing. Hedging shows critical thinking — it’s what separates student writing from scholarly writing.
Read the academic text below. The highlighted words and phrases are examples of hedging language. Then answer the questions that follow.
Over the past two decades, a growing body of research has suggested that rapid urbanisation may have significant effects on the mental health of city residents. While cities tend to offer better access to healthcare and employment opportunities, some researchers argue that the pace of urban life could contribute to higher levels of stress and anxiety.
A 2023 meta-analysis of 45 studies indicated that people living in densely populated urban areas were approximately 20% more likely to report symptoms of depression than those in rural communities. However, it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply causation. Other factors, such as income inequality, social isolation, and access to green spaces, appear to play a substantial role.
It is possible that urban planning strategies which prioritise green infrastructure and community spaces might help to reduce these negative effects. Preliminary evidence from cities such as Copenhagen and Singapore suggests that well-designed public spaces can potentially improve residents’ psychological well-being, although further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Complete each academic sentence by choosing the most appropriate hedging expression from the dropdown.
1. The results 1 that regular exercise has a positive effect on concentration levels in university students.
2. Climate change 2 one of the contributing factors to the decline in biodiversity, although other explanations have also been proposed.
3. 3 remote working will become the standard model for many industries in the coming decade.
4. The survey found that 4 respondents preferred a hybrid work arrangement over a fully office-based schedule.
5. Early studies 5 a link between sleep quality and academic performance, though more research is needed.
6. These differences 6 more pronounced in lower-income communities.
7. The medication was effective in 7 cases during the clinical trial.
8. The data 8 the hypothesis that bilingual education enhances cognitive flexibility.
The sentences below are too strong or absolute for academic writing. Rewrite each one using hedging language to make it more appropriate. Use the word or phrase given in brackets.
Write a short academic paragraph (100–150 words) responding to the question below. You must use at least five different hedging devices in your answer. Underline or mark them by writing them in CAPITALS.
“To what extent does the design of a university campus influence students’ academic performance and well-being?”
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